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Volume 3, Issue 3 (2024)
GMJM 2024, 3(3): 81-83 |
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Received: 2024/01/7 | Accepted: 2024/05/20 | Published: 2024/07/15
Received: 2024/01/7 | Accepted: 2024/05/20 | Published: 2024/07/15
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Chouhan R. Cancer; an Electrically Mediated Dysfunction in the Body. GMJM 2024; 3 (3) :81-83
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R.S. Chouhan *
International Academy for Medical Sciences, The Regenerate Clinics India, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Anterior shoulder dislocation is the most common Chas that needs to be corrected for the replication of mutating cells to be stopped. The only way to stop cancer is to change the behavior of the cells. Trying to kill cells is a haphazard process with drastic side effects. Like the several systems that exist in the human body, Cancer, with its own boundaries, may also be considered one such system. Fundamental to this is the cell membrane, which separates the internal and external milieu of the cell and interacts with biomechanical, biochemical, and bioelectrical gradients, all of which affect the gene regulatory networks. While mutation-centered cancer models have dominated our understanding, the importance of the cellular environment is now gaining ground. Cancer is now to be viewed as a developmental disorder of cell regulation, where there is a loss of the organizational capacity of the surrounding environment [1]. That Cancer is a result of bioelectric dysfunction had been proposed by several proponents during the Seventies and Eighties [2, 3]. The membrane potential is critical for many other processes, including cell cycle, cell-volume control, proliferation, muscle contraction (even without an action potential), and wound healing [4]. It is highly correlated with mitosis, DNA synthesis, cell cycle progression, and overall proliferation in general [5, 6].
Cancer cells exhibit different electrochemical properties and a different distribution of electrical charges than normal tissues [7, 8] as the composition of the membrane proteins becomes different in cancer cells than normal cells. This directly influences the membrane's fluidity, permeability, and conductivity. Lipid peroxidation due to the increased production of reactive oxygen species contributes to increased permeability and membrane degeneration, resulting in a compensatory increase in saturated fatty acids in the membrane [9, 10]. The altered membrane composition and structure of the cancer cells make them more permeable, resulting in the moving out of potassium, magnesium, and calcium and the corresponding inflow of sodium and water [11], which produce biochemical changes inside the cells. The result of these mineral movements, membrane composition changes, energy abnormalities, and membrane charge distribution abnormalities is a drop in the normal membrane potential and a change in membrane capacitance [12-15]. Regulation of mineral ion concentrations on both sides is an important boundary function of the membrane [16].
The passage of these ions affects the cell's metabolic functions and membrane potential. The dielectric property of the membrane is the key to establishing the presence of electric circuits in biological tissues. Membrane potentials play a central role in cellular proliferation. The electrical conductivity and permittivity of cancerous tissue have been found to be greater than that of normal tissue [17]. Most cancers possess an excess of fixed electronegative charges on their surfaces [2]. In fact, tumors were detected based on voltmeter readings [18, 19] and treated to a degree with microelectric currents given directly to the tumor areas [3]. External manipulation of the membrane potentials as a possible cancer treatment led to the in vitro transformation of cervical squamous cells to pluripotent cells or stem cell-like cells [20].
Semiconducting proteins and extracellular matrix proteoglycans and their associated electrical charges contribute to the innate conductivity of tissue. The degree of tissue acidity, tissue hypoxia, availability of electron donors such as antioxidants, and the presence of electrophilic compounds on the cell membrane and in the extracellular matrix all affect the electrical properties of tissues. The increased conductivity of cancer cells can be attributed to all of the above. Negatively charged molecules such as phosphatidylserine, heparin sulfate, and sialic acid are more abundant on cancer cell membrane surfaces than on normal cells. The negative charge is also augmented because cancer cells have more microvilli, creating a larger surface area than normal cells. These charges create an electrical defense shield, provide a protective barrier against the immune system, and facilitate migration and invasion [21].
Because immune defense cells such as NK cells and macrophages also have a negative surface charge, they are repulsed by the strong negative electrical field of cancer cells when they try to approach and terminate them [8, 22, 23].
Because cancerous cells demonstrate greater permittivity, which is the ability to resist the formation of an electrical field, they will respond to external electrical fields differently from normal cells. Healthy cells have a membrane potential of about -60 to –100mV. When cancer cells begin cell division and DNA synthesis, the membrane potential falls to around –15mv. Since the membrane potential in a cancer cell is consistently weaker than the membrane potential of a healthy cell, the electrical field across the membrane of a cancer cell will be reduced. The reduction in membrane electrical field strength will, in turn, cause alterations in the cell's metabolic functions. Exposure to electric and electromagnetic fields affects the membrane potentials of cells and, depending on the quantity of exposure, the field strength and frequency. The changes can be temporary or permanent to the cell, resulting in alteration of the cell membrane composition, the ionic composition, biochemical influx and efflux, and metabolic functions. The result is the abnormal cell and the conglomeration of diseases called cancer. So, Antoine Beauchamp's view that “the biological terrain of the being is the cause of disease” is correct.
Cancer cells exhibit different electrochemical properties and a different distribution of electrical charges than normal tissues [7, 8] as the composition of the membrane proteins becomes different in cancer cells than normal cells. This directly influences the membrane's fluidity, permeability, and conductivity. Lipid peroxidation due to the increased production of reactive oxygen species contributes to increased permeability and membrane degeneration, resulting in a compensatory increase in saturated fatty acids in the membrane [9, 10]. The altered membrane composition and structure of the cancer cells make them more permeable, resulting in the moving out of potassium, magnesium, and calcium and the corresponding inflow of sodium and water [11], which produce biochemical changes inside the cells. The result of these mineral movements, membrane composition changes, energy abnormalities, and membrane charge distribution abnormalities is a drop in the normal membrane potential and a change in membrane capacitance [12-15]. Regulation of mineral ion concentrations on both sides is an important boundary function of the membrane [16].
The passage of these ions affects the cell's metabolic functions and membrane potential. The dielectric property of the membrane is the key to establishing the presence of electric circuits in biological tissues. Membrane potentials play a central role in cellular proliferation. The electrical conductivity and permittivity of cancerous tissue have been found to be greater than that of normal tissue [17]. Most cancers possess an excess of fixed electronegative charges on their surfaces [2]. In fact, tumors were detected based on voltmeter readings [18, 19] and treated to a degree with microelectric currents given directly to the tumor areas [3]. External manipulation of the membrane potentials as a possible cancer treatment led to the in vitro transformation of cervical squamous cells to pluripotent cells or stem cell-like cells [20].
Semiconducting proteins and extracellular matrix proteoglycans and their associated electrical charges contribute to the innate conductivity of tissue. The degree of tissue acidity, tissue hypoxia, availability of electron donors such as antioxidants, and the presence of electrophilic compounds on the cell membrane and in the extracellular matrix all affect the electrical properties of tissues. The increased conductivity of cancer cells can be attributed to all of the above. Negatively charged molecules such as phosphatidylserine, heparin sulfate, and sialic acid are more abundant on cancer cell membrane surfaces than on normal cells. The negative charge is also augmented because cancer cells have more microvilli, creating a larger surface area than normal cells. These charges create an electrical defense shield, provide a protective barrier against the immune system, and facilitate migration and invasion [21].
Because immune defense cells such as NK cells and macrophages also have a negative surface charge, they are repulsed by the strong negative electrical field of cancer cells when they try to approach and terminate them [8, 22, 23].
Because cancerous cells demonstrate greater permittivity, which is the ability to resist the formation of an electrical field, they will respond to external electrical fields differently from normal cells. Healthy cells have a membrane potential of about -60 to –100mV. When cancer cells begin cell division and DNA synthesis, the membrane potential falls to around –15mv. Since the membrane potential in a cancer cell is consistently weaker than the membrane potential of a healthy cell, the electrical field across the membrane of a cancer cell will be reduced. The reduction in membrane electrical field strength will, in turn, cause alterations in the cell's metabolic functions. Exposure to electric and electromagnetic fields affects the membrane potentials of cells and, depending on the quantity of exposure, the field strength and frequency. The changes can be temporary or permanent to the cell, resulting in alteration of the cell membrane composition, the ionic composition, biochemical influx and efflux, and metabolic functions. The result is the abnormal cell and the conglomeration of diseases called cancer. So, Antoine Beauchamp's view that “the biological terrain of the being is the cause of disease” is correct.
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