<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<journal>
<title>GMJ Medicine</title>
<title_fa>GMJ Medicine</title_fa>
<short_title>GMJM</short_title>
<subject>Medical Sciences</subject>
<web_url>http://gmedicine.de</web_url>
<journal_hbi_system_id>1</journal_hbi_system_id>
<journal_hbi_system_user>admin</journal_hbi_system_user>
<journal_id_issn>2626-3041</journal_id_issn>
<journal_id_issn_online>2626-3041</journal_id_issn_online>
<journal_id_pii></journal_id_pii>
<journal_id_doi>10.58209/gmjm</journal_id_doi>
<journal_id_iranmedex></journal_id_iranmedex>
<journal_id_magiran></journal_id_magiran>
<journal_id_sid></journal_id_sid>
<journal_id_nlai></journal_id_nlai>
<journal_id_science></journal_id_science>
<language>en</language>
<pubdate>
	<type>jalali</type>
	<year>1404</year>
	<month>1</month>
	<day>1</day>
</pubdate>
<pubdate>
	<type>gregorian</type>
	<year>2025</year>
	<month>4</month>
	<day>1</day>
</pubdate>
<volume>4</volume>
<number>2</number>
<publish_type>online</publish_type>
<publish_edition>1</publish_edition>
<article_type>fulltext</article_type>
<articleset>
	<article>


	<language>en</language>
	<article_id_doi></article_id_doi>
	<title_fa></title_fa>
	<title>Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Lung Capacity of Active-, Previous-, and Non-Smoker Students</title>
	<subject_fa></subject_fa>
	<subject></subject>
	<content_type_fa></content_type_fa>
	<content_type>Original Research</content_type>
	<abstract_fa></abstract_fa>
	<abstract>&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;unicode-bidi:embed&quot;&gt;&lt;span new=&quot;&quot; roman=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span cambria=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-family:&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#7030a0&quot;&gt;Aims: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span cambria=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-family:&quot;&gt;Cigarette smoke predisposes a person to a lot of preventable diseases; this study aimed at comparing lung function in active, previous and non-smoking students. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;unicode-bidi:embed&quot;&gt;&lt;span new=&quot;&quot; roman=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span cambria=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-family:&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#7030a0&quot;&gt;Materials &amp; Methods:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span cambria=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-family:&quot;&gt;In this cross-sectional study, 77 students from the St. James School of Medicine, Anguilla, campus in the Caribbean who were active-, previous- or non-smokers were randomly sampled. The Forced Vital Capacity to Forced Expiratory Volume ratio in one second called the Tiffeneau-Pinelli Index was used&lt;span style=&quot;background:white&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;unicode-bidi:embed&quot;&gt;&lt;span new=&quot;&quot; roman=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span cambria=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-family:&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#7030a0&quot;&gt;Findings:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span cambria=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-family:&quot;&gt;The mean FEV/FVC ratio for smokers was lower than that for non-smokers and ex-smokers in both tests. The FEV/FVC ratio by sex was higher in females for both tests. There were significant differences among the races with Caucasians having the lowest mean value of 86.04 and 85.88 for test 1 and 2, respectively. Higher ratio than 0.7 for smokers, ex-smokers and non-smokers was recorded for mean FEV/FVC ratio&lt;span style=&quot;background:white&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;unicode-bidi:embed&quot;&gt;&lt;span new=&quot;&quot; roman=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span cambria=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-family:&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#7030a0&quot;&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span cambria=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-family:&quot;&gt;There are no differences in FEV/FVC ratio between smokers and non-smokers and ex-smokers.&lt;span style=&quot;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;</abstract>
	<keyword_fa></keyword_fa>
	<keyword>FEV/FVC,Ex-Smokers,Non-Smokers,Test Orthopedic,</keyword>
	<start_page>43</start_page>
	<end_page>46</end_page>
	<web_url>http://gmedicine.de/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1-72&amp;slc_lang=en&amp;sid=2</web_url>


<author_list>
	<author>
	<first_name>D.</first_name>
	<middle_name></middle_name>
	<last_name>Hammoudi </last_name>
	<suffix></suffix>
	<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
	<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
	<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
	<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
	<email></email>
	<code>10031947532846001207</code>
	<orcid>10031947532846001207</orcid>
	<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
	<affiliation>Saint James School of Medicine, Anguilla, BWI</affiliation>
	<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
	 </author>


	<author>
	<first_name>A.</first_name>
	<middle_name></middle_name>
	<last_name>Sanyaolu</last_name>
	<suffix></suffix>
	<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
	<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
	<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
	<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
	<email></email>
	<code>10031947532846001208</code>
	<orcid>10031947532846001208</orcid>
	<coreauthor>Yes
</coreauthor>
	<affiliation>Saint James School of Medicine, Anguilla, BWI</affiliation>
	<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
	 </author>


	<author>
	<first_name>D.</first_name>
	<middle_name></middle_name>
	<last_name>Adofo </last_name>
	<suffix></suffix>
	<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
	<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
	<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
	<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
	<email></email>
	<code>10031947532846001209</code>
	<orcid>10031947532846001209</orcid>
	<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
	<affiliation>Saint James School of Medicine, Anguilla, BWI</affiliation>
	<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
	 </author>


	<author>
	<first_name>I.</first_name>
	<middle_name></middle_name>
	<last_name>Antoine </last_name>
	<suffix></suffix>
	<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
	<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
	<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
	<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
	<email></email>
	<code>10031947532846001210</code>
	<orcid>10031947532846001210</orcid>
	<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
	<affiliation>Saint James School of Medicine, Anguilla, BWI</affiliation>
	<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
	 </author>


</author_list>


	</article>
</articleset>
</journal>
