GMJ Medicine
eISSN : 2626-3041
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About GMJ Medicine
GMJ Medicine is an open-access, online, peer-reviewed journal that has been published by the Afarand Scholarly Publishing Institute in Germany since 2017. The new series of the journal started publishing in January 2022. The publication frequency of GMJ Medicine is Quarterly (4 issues per year).
All research articles submitted to GMJ Medicine should be original in nature, never previously published in any journal or undergoing such process across the globe. All the submissions will be peer-reviewed by the panel of experts associated with a particular field.
All research articles submitted to GMJ Medicine should be original in nature, never previously published in any journal or undergoing such process across the globe. All the submissions will be peer-reviewed by the panel of experts associated with a particular field.
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147 days
Submission to Accept
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Editor-in-Chief
Ahmed El-Yazbi; MD, PhD
Professor of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Alalamein International University, Alalamein, Egypt
Scientific Supporters
Neuroscience Network (NN)
International Center for Intelligent Research
International Center for Neuroscience Research
Articles
The Theory of Planned Behavior Application for the Delivery Method Selection in Primiparous Pregnant Women
R. Hassanzadeh , H. Khaleghi , Z. Manzaritavakoli , A. Saeidinia , L. Namdar, Z. Askari, M. Bashi
Aims: The cesarean method is one of the most common surgical procedures among women in recent years. Lack of information and negative attitudes toward natural childbirth are the main reasons behind the increase in pregnant women’s tendency toward the cesarean section. This study investigated the effect of educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior on natural childbirth tendency among primiparous women.
Materials & Methods: This controlled interventional research with 140 primiparous women (n=70 women in each group) who attended the health centers in Sirjan City, Iran, in 2022, in their 18th to 30th month of pregnancy. A multi-stage sampling method was applied to select participants. The intervention was carried out based on the theory of planned behavior during four 45-60min sessions. A questionnaire was used for data collection before and after the intervention. The data was analyzed using the paired t-test, independent t-test, Fisher’s exact test, and Chi-square test in SPSS 22 software.
Findings: The intervention program had a positive effect on the mothers’ perceived behavioral control (p=0.046). The intervention could increase the number of people who did the natural delivery in the intervention group. There was no improvement in the individuals’ attitude (p=0.75), subjective norms (p=0.11) and behavior (p=0.23).
Conclusion: The theory of planned behavior can be effective in reducing elective cesarean section among women under the study.
View Abstract
Materials & Methods: This controlled interventional research with 140 primiparous women (n=70 women in each group) who attended the health centers in Sirjan City, Iran, in 2022, in their 18th to 30th month of pregnancy. A multi-stage sampling method was applied to select participants. The intervention was carried out based on the theory of planned behavior during four 45-60min sessions. A questionnaire was used for data collection before and after the intervention. The data was analyzed using the paired t-test, independent t-test, Fisher’s exact test, and Chi-square test in SPSS 22 software.
Findings: The intervention program had a positive effect on the mothers’ perceived behavioral control (p=0.046). The intervention could increase the number of people who did the natural delivery in the intervention group. There was no improvement in the individuals’ attitude (p=0.75), subjective norms (p=0.11) and behavior (p=0.23).
Conclusion: The theory of planned behavior can be effective in reducing elective cesarean section among women under the study.
Relationship between Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Growth Factors in Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcers
F. Ghalami , H.R. Binutha , M. Haghipanah
Aims: Several factors are involved in the healing process of diabetic foot ulcers. Thus, the present study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors in patients with diabetic foot ulcers.
Instrument & Methods: This study was conducted on three groups of subjects. The first group was men and women (n=30) with diabetes and diabetic foot ulcers referring clinical centers in Iran. Another group was including diabetic women and men patients (n=30) without ulcers. The third group included healthy men and women (n=30). Blood samples were collected and assessed for the serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, bFGF, IFN-γ, selenoprotein, PDGF, VEGF and GM-CSF with the help of specific kits.
Findings: The results showed significant differences between groups for the serum concentrations of TNF-α (p=0.001), IL-1β (p=0.001), IL-6 (p=0.001), bFGF (p=0.001), IFN-γ (p=0.001), selenoprotein (p=0.001), PDGF (p=0.001), VEGF (p=0.001) and GM-CSF (p=0.001). The results showed the serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, PDGF, and GM-CSF were significantly higher in the patients with diabetes and foot ulcers, diabetes, and healthy subjects, respectively. The results showed a positive correlation between pro-inflammatory cytokines, while a negative correlation was observed between pro-inflammatory cytokines and other variables.
Conclusion: Pro-inflammatory and inflammatory factors are higher in diabetic patients, especially those with diabetic ulcers. The concentration of factors can be considered for the treatment and as markers for the treatment of foot ulcers.
View Abstract
Instrument & Methods: This study was conducted on three groups of subjects. The first group was men and women (n=30) with diabetes and diabetic foot ulcers referring clinical centers in Iran. Another group was including diabetic women and men patients (n=30) without ulcers. The third group included healthy men and women (n=30). Blood samples were collected and assessed for the serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, bFGF, IFN-γ, selenoprotein, PDGF, VEGF and GM-CSF with the help of specific kits.
Findings: The results showed significant differences between groups for the serum concentrations of TNF-α (p=0.001), IL-1β (p=0.001), IL-6 (p=0.001), bFGF (p=0.001), IFN-γ (p=0.001), selenoprotein (p=0.001), PDGF (p=0.001), VEGF (p=0.001) and GM-CSF (p=0.001). The results showed the serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, PDGF, and GM-CSF were significantly higher in the patients with diabetes and foot ulcers, diabetes, and healthy subjects, respectively. The results showed a positive correlation between pro-inflammatory cytokines, while a negative correlation was observed between pro-inflammatory cytokines and other variables.
Conclusion: Pro-inflammatory and inflammatory factors are higher in diabetic patients, especially those with diabetic ulcers. The concentration of factors can be considered for the treatment and as markers for the treatment of foot ulcers.
Relationship between SREBF-1 Polymorphism and Insulin Resistance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Women
M. Haghipanah , A. Safarbalou , M. Saadat , S. Rostami Mehr
Aims: It was reported that there was a significant relationship between 54G/C SREBF1 and diabetes. There may be a relation between SREBF-1 polymorphism and insulin resistance in women with PCOS, but this relation is unknown. This study investigated the relationship between SREBF-1 polymorphism and insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome women.
Materials & Methods: Two hundred subjects were studied; 100 polycystic ovary syndrome subjects (case group) and 100 healthy subjects (control group). Blood samples were taken, demographic characteristics were requested, and genomic DNA was extracted. The RFLP-PCR method was used to determine the mutations of 54G/C SREBF1. Following laboratory investigation, the data were investigated using SPSS 23 software. The mutant alleles rate was determined by analysis of variance.
Findings: The genotypic frequency of GG and CC was significantly higher in patients than in the control group. In contrast, the frequency of heterozygosity was significantly higher in the control group than in the PCOS group. Allelic frequency was 78.00 for the G allele and 22.00 for the C allele in the patient group. In the healthy group, it was 75% for the G allele and 25% for the C allele. The results showed that homozygote genotypes had higher glucose and insulin resistance sensitivity.
Conclusion: The 54G/C polymorphism of SREBF-1 plays a significant role in polycystic ovary syndrome and is closely related to glucose and insulin resistance. Thus, G/C genotype frequency could be considered a biomarker for the detection of PCOS.
View Abstract
Materials & Methods: Two hundred subjects were studied; 100 polycystic ovary syndrome subjects (case group) and 100 healthy subjects (control group). Blood samples were taken, demographic characteristics were requested, and genomic DNA was extracted. The RFLP-PCR method was used to determine the mutations of 54G/C SREBF1. Following laboratory investigation, the data were investigated using SPSS 23 software. The mutant alleles rate was determined by analysis of variance.
Findings: The genotypic frequency of GG and CC was significantly higher in patients than in the control group. In contrast, the frequency of heterozygosity was significantly higher in the control group than in the PCOS group. Allelic frequency was 78.00 for the G allele and 22.00 for the C allele in the patient group. In the healthy group, it was 75% for the G allele and 25% for the C allele. The results showed that homozygote genotypes had higher glucose and insulin resistance sensitivity.
Conclusion: The 54G/C polymorphism of SREBF-1 plays a significant role in polycystic ovary syndrome and is closely related to glucose and insulin resistance. Thus, G/C genotype frequency could be considered a biomarker for the detection of PCOS.
Effect of Ondansetron in Preventing Spinal Anesthesia-Induced Hypotension in Pregnant Women Undergoing Elective Cesarean Section
S.A. Hoseinikhah, S. Pazooki, H. Jarineshin, F. Fekrat
Aims: Spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension is a major challenge during cesarean sections under spinal anesthesia. Ondansetron may be a good option for solving this complication. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ondansetron in preventing spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in pregnant women undergoing elective cesarean section.
Materials & Methods: This prospective clinical trial was conducted in 2023 with 120 pregnant women classified as ASA I or II. The women were divided into two groups: One group received 4mg of ondansetron diluted in 10ml saline, and the second group received 10ml of normal saline. Different parameters, including systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and SpO2, were recorded at multiple time intervals. The incidence of nausea, vomiting, and shivering was also assessed.
Findings: The ondansetron group showed a significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared to the saline group at several intervals immediately following the block. The results did not show differences in heart rate between the two groups, except during recovery, when the normal saline group had a higher heart rate. The incidence of nausea and shivering was similar between groups, while vomiting was slightly less frequent in the ondansetron group; the difference was not statistically significant.
Conclusion: Ondansetron may temporarily reduce blood pressure following spinal anesthesia in pregnant women undergoing cesarean section. Further studies are needed to determine its role in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia and to explore its potential effects on other perioperative parameters.
View Abstract
Materials & Methods: This prospective clinical trial was conducted in 2023 with 120 pregnant women classified as ASA I or II. The women were divided into two groups: One group received 4mg of ondansetron diluted in 10ml saline, and the second group received 10ml of normal saline. Different parameters, including systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and SpO2, were recorded at multiple time intervals. The incidence of nausea, vomiting, and shivering was also assessed.
Findings: The ondansetron group showed a significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared to the saline group at several intervals immediately following the block. The results did not show differences in heart rate between the two groups, except during recovery, when the normal saline group had a higher heart rate. The incidence of nausea and shivering was similar between groups, while vomiting was slightly less frequent in the ondansetron group; the difference was not statistically significant.
Conclusion: Ondansetron may temporarily reduce blood pressure following spinal anesthesia in pregnant women undergoing cesarean section. Further studies are needed to determine its role in preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia and to explore its potential effects on other perioperative parameters.
The Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior in the Choice of Delivery Method for First-Time Pregnant Women in Sirjan
R. Hassanzadeh , H. Khaleghi , Z. Manzaritavakoli , A. Saeidinia , L. Namdar , Z. Askari, M. Bashi
Aims: Cesarean method is one of the most common surgical procedures among women in the recent years. Lack of information and negative attitudes towards natural childbirth are the most main the reasons behind the increase in pregnant women’s tendency toward the cesarean section. This study investigated the effect of educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) on natural childbirth tendency among the primiparous women of Sirjan in 2022. Materials & Methods: This controlled interventional research with a population consisted of 140 primiparous women (n=70 women in each group) who attended the health centers in Sirjan in their 18th to 30th month of pregnancy. Multi- stage sampling method was applied to select participants. The intervention was carried out based on the TPB during four 45-60 min sessions. A questionnaire was used for data collection before and after the intervention. The SPSS22 software, Paired t-test, Independent t-test, Fisher’s exact test, and Chi-square test were used to analyze the data.
Findings: The intervention program had a positive effect on the mothers’ perceived behavioral control (P=0.046). The intervention could increase the number of people who did the natural delivery in the intervention group. There was no improvement in the individuals’ attitude (P=0.75), subjective norms (P=0.11) and behavior (P=0.23).
Conclusion: In conclusion, the TPB can be effective in reducing elective caesarean section among women under the study. It is recommended that intervention programs are to be designed and carried out based on behavioral change theories.
View Abstract
Findings: The intervention program had a positive effect on the mothers’ perceived behavioral control (P=0.046). The intervention could increase the number of people who did the natural delivery in the intervention group. There was no improvement in the individuals’ attitude (P=0.75), subjective norms (P=0.11) and behavior (P=0.23).
Conclusion: In conclusion, the TPB can be effective in reducing elective caesarean section among women under the study. It is recommended that intervention programs are to be designed and carried out based on behavioral change theories.
Comparison of Ondansetron and Metoclopramide in Prevention of Nausea and Vomiting after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
H. Mohammadipour Anvari , S. Sadeghi
Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of ondansetron and metoclopramide on the prevention of PONV in high-risk patients. The reason for choosing these two drugs is that ondansetron is a drug that is widely used in the world today as a first-line drug in the prevention and treatment of PONV, and metoclopramide is a drug that is cheap and available as a common anti-emetic drug by surgeons PONV control is prescribed in Iran.
Materials & Methods: A total of 126 patients who were candidates for coronary artery bypass graft surgery during 2018 and 2019 were evaluated in this study. Intraoperative injection of metoclopramide or ondansetron was compared between all patients and the severity of postoperative nausea and vomiting was compared.
Findings: The rate of nausea in patients was about 67.5% with an average of 158.5 seconds of nausea in these patients each day and there was no significant difference between the two drug groups in terms of these two variables (p=0.342; p=0.900). The average rate of vomiting in patients was 19.8%, of which 52% had vomiting once and 48% had vomited more than once. There was a significant difference in the presence of vomiting in the two drug groups (p=0.044).
Conclusion: Metoclopramide and Ondansetron have the similar effects on nausea and vomiting after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
View Abstract
Materials & Methods: A total of 126 patients who were candidates for coronary artery bypass graft surgery during 2018 and 2019 were evaluated in this study. Intraoperative injection of metoclopramide or ondansetron was compared between all patients and the severity of postoperative nausea and vomiting was compared.
Findings: The rate of nausea in patients was about 67.5% with an average of 158.5 seconds of nausea in these patients each day and there was no significant difference between the two drug groups in terms of these two variables (p=0.342; p=0.900). The average rate of vomiting in patients was 19.8%, of which 52% had vomiting once and 48% had vomited more than once. There was a significant difference in the presence of vomiting in the two drug groups (p=0.044).
Conclusion: Metoclopramide and Ondansetron have the similar effects on nausea and vomiting after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
Facial Index of Tehran University of Medical Sciences’ Medical Students; an Anthropometric Study
M. Dodangheh , T. Mokhtari , S. Mojaverrostami , M. Nemati , S. Zarbakhsh, A. Arabkheradmand , Gh. Hassanzadeh
Aims: Facial anthropometry is useful in individual identification and reconstructive surgery. In the present study, we aimed to determine the facial characteristic of the Iranian population through anthropometric study.
Materials & Methods: In a cross sectional study, 200 (100 male and 100 female) volunteer medical students (aged 20-25 years) of Tehran University of Medical Sciences were selected. The facial variables including total facial height, upper facial height and facial width were measured and accordingly the total facial index and upper facial index were calculated. The data were analyzed using statistical software (SPSS).
Findings: The mean age of subjects was 22.97±1.12 years. The mean total facial height, upper facial height, facial width, total facial index, and upper facial index were 11.155cm, 7.05cm, 11.68cm, 95.75 and 60.55, respectively. The most common types of face were hyperleptoprosopic (54%) and hyperleptene (54%). There were significant differences in total facial height (p<0.0001), upper facial height (p<0.0001), facial width (p=0.02), total facial index (p<0.0001), and upper facial index (p<0.0001) between males and females.
Conclusion: The most frequent face type is hyperleptoprosopic in Iranian population. Additionally, the values of facial characteristics are higher in males than females. So, sexual dimorphism was recorded according to the facial measurements of Iranian population which can be considered in the reconstructive surgeries.
View Abstract
Materials & Methods: In a cross sectional study, 200 (100 male and 100 female) volunteer medical students (aged 20-25 years) of Tehran University of Medical Sciences were selected. The facial variables including total facial height, upper facial height and facial width were measured and accordingly the total facial index and upper facial index were calculated. The data were analyzed using statistical software (SPSS).
Findings: The mean age of subjects was 22.97±1.12 years. The mean total facial height, upper facial height, facial width, total facial index, and upper facial index were 11.155cm, 7.05cm, 11.68cm, 95.75 and 60.55, respectively. The most common types of face were hyperleptoprosopic (54%) and hyperleptene (54%). There were significant differences in total facial height (p<0.0001), upper facial height (p<0.0001), facial width (p=0.02), total facial index (p<0.0001), and upper facial index (p<0.0001) between males and females.
Conclusion: The most frequent face type is hyperleptoprosopic in Iranian population. Additionally, the values of facial characteristics are higher in males than females. So, sexual dimorphism was recorded according to the facial measurements of Iranian population which can be considered in the reconstructive surgeries.
Anxiety Management Skills Training in Students; an Analytic Review
M. Ahani
Introdution: One of the main problems of our schools is not helping the problematic students. Unfortunately, instead of being ready to help those who are retarded or in a state of maladaptation, most of them turn away from them and show a repulsive attitude. In the face of seemingly weak students, they are unloved and inadvertently abandoned and repressed. In most of the above cases, these problems are related to students' anxiety and threaten their mental health now and in the future. One of the variables related to mental health is anxiety.
Conclusion: So that the results of some studies have shown that anxiety affects their health and has a negative effect on their body, anxiety and function, and by reducing and increasing anxiety, mental health symptoms and its sub-branches are affected. Anxiety is now a social issue and one of the fundamental foundations of mental health. Researchers and physicians have shown great interest in studying children's anxiety for a variety of reasons, as childhood anxiety is a dangerous and important factor in the development of behaviors such as delinquency, dropout, and violence in adolescence and adulthood. Almost half of the antisocial children in adolescence continue to behave similarly. Also, half of the antisocial adolescents engage in antisocial behaviors in adulthood.
View Abstract
Conclusion: So that the results of some studies have shown that anxiety affects their health and has a negative effect on their body, anxiety and function, and by reducing and increasing anxiety, mental health symptoms and its sub-branches are affected. Anxiety is now a social issue and one of the fundamental foundations of mental health. Researchers and physicians have shown great interest in studying children's anxiety for a variety of reasons, as childhood anxiety is a dangerous and important factor in the development of behaviors such as delinquency, dropout, and violence in adolescence and adulthood. Almost half of the antisocial children in adolescence continue to behave similarly. Also, half of the antisocial adolescents engage in antisocial behaviors in adulthood.
Effects of Micronutrients on Improving Fatigue, Weakness and Irritability
M. Milani Fard
Introdaction: Consumption of sugar compounds by disturbing estrogen metabolism increases circulating estrogen and thus exacerbates PMS. Consumption of natural sweet substances such as raisins, dates and the like is unimpeded to a small extent. Some studies show that women with PMS are more likely to use refined sugar and CHO, such as bread, cakes, pastries, and other starchy foods made from white flour, than women with the condition.
Conclusion: If a woman consumes more of her calories from such refined foods with a variety of more nutritious ones, namely whole-grain bread and pastries and fresh fruits with natural sweetness, it leads to a diet rich in nutrients, and possibly Premenstrual symptoms will decrease.
View Abstract
Conclusion: If a woman consumes more of her calories from such refined foods with a variety of more nutritious ones, namely whole-grain bread and pastries and fresh fruits with natural sweetness, it leads to a diet rich in nutrients, and possibly Premenstrual symptoms will decrease.
An Overview of Novel Antioxidant and Anti-Cancer Properties of Lycopene
M. Gupta , M. Panizai , M.F. Tareen , N. Doreulee
Introduction: Lycopene, a non-provitamin A carotenoid, is the reason for redness in tomatoes and some other vegetables. Lycopene is one fat-soluble red pigment produced by plants and some microorganisms. Nowadays, the effects of lycopene on health have recently been significantly interesting. Antioxidant properties of lycopene have been received attention as an anticancer. Different studies have investigated the effects of lycopene in relation to different cancer types.
Conclusion: Lycopene significantly shows powerful anticancer activity against prostate cancer, even in progressed and aggressive conditions. This review article aims to introduce lycopene and possible mechanisms for the treatment of cancer.
View Abstract
Conclusion: Lycopene significantly shows powerful anticancer activity against prostate cancer, even in progressed and aggressive conditions. This review article aims to introduce lycopene and possible mechanisms for the treatment of cancer.
Antidepressant-Like Effects of Menthol via Dopaminergic System; Using Forced Swimming Test in a Mice Model
G. Mohaghegh Daghigh , L. Soeibipour , S. Abakelia
Aims: Antioxidants are known to have protective and beneficial effects in the depression. Menthol is an antioxidant compounds in some plants. On the basis of our knowledge, no scientific study has investigated the antidepressant-like effects of menthol. Therefore, present study was thus conducted to evaluate the antidepressant-like effects of menthol by forced swimming test (FST) through dopaminergic system in a mice model.
Materials & Methods: The mice were intra-peritoneally (i.p.) administrated with menthol (10-30mg/kg) 1 h before the FST. For evaluating the involvement of the dopaminergic system in the antidepressant activity of menthol, SCH 23390 (a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist), sulpiride (a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist) and haloperidol (non-selective dopamine receptor antagonist) were administered 15 min before menthol administration (10mg/kg).
Findings: Intra-peritoneally administration of menthol reduced immobility time and increased swimming and climbing times. It did not also cause significant changes in spontaneous locomotor function in the open-field test (OFT). In addition, pre-treatment of the mice with SCH23390, sulpiride, haloperidol blocked the anti-immobility effect of menthol in the FST.
Conclusion: Administration of menthol exerted antidepressant-like effects through dopaminergic (D1 and D2) system.
View Abstract
Materials & Methods: The mice were intra-peritoneally (i.p.) administrated with menthol (10-30mg/kg) 1 h before the FST. For evaluating the involvement of the dopaminergic system in the antidepressant activity of menthol, SCH 23390 (a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist), sulpiride (a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist) and haloperidol (non-selective dopamine receptor antagonist) were administered 15 min before menthol administration (10mg/kg).
Findings: Intra-peritoneally administration of menthol reduced immobility time and increased swimming and climbing times. It did not also cause significant changes in spontaneous locomotor function in the open-field test (OFT). In addition, pre-treatment of the mice with SCH23390, sulpiride, haloperidol blocked the anti-immobility effect of menthol in the FST.
Conclusion: Administration of menthol exerted antidepressant-like effects through dopaminergic (D1 and D2) system.
Effect of Aerobic and Anaerobic Fitness on Different Psychological Parameters in Children with Tic Disorder
P. Noori
Aims: Tics are known to negatively affect psychosocial performance in children and their families. Exercise is an appropriate strategy for the prevention and management of chronic diseases. This study evaluated the effect of aerobic and anaerobic fitness on psychological function in children with tic disorder and evaluated their effects by questionnaires completed by their parents.
Materials & Methods: A randomized controlled trial was carried out for 12 weeks in children with motor tics. Children were randomly assigned into three groups: aerobic, anaerobic, and Control (without exercise). The Yale global tic severity scale was used to investigate the tic severity. Parents completed Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale Child and Parent Versions in the pre-test (pre-interventions) and post-test (after 12-week exercises). This study assessed the effects of aerobic and anaerobic fitness, the effect of time (pre-test & post-test), and their interaction on psychological function.
Findings: The aerobic and anaerobic fitness significantly decreased Separation Anxiety, Panic and Agoraphobia, Physical Injury Fears, Social Phobia, Obsessive-Compulsive and Generalized Anxiety (p<0.05) compared to the control group.
Conclusion: Aerobic and anaerobic fitness could alleviate psychological disorders in children with tic syndrome. Parents of children with tic can be suggested to force their children to perform aerobic and anaerobic fitness to alleviate disorders.
View Abstract
Materials & Methods: A randomized controlled trial was carried out for 12 weeks in children with motor tics. Children were randomly assigned into three groups: aerobic, anaerobic, and Control (without exercise). The Yale global tic severity scale was used to investigate the tic severity. Parents completed Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale Child and Parent Versions in the pre-test (pre-interventions) and post-test (after 12-week exercises). This study assessed the effects of aerobic and anaerobic fitness, the effect of time (pre-test & post-test), and their interaction on psychological function.
Findings: The aerobic and anaerobic fitness significantly decreased Separation Anxiety, Panic and Agoraphobia, Physical Injury Fears, Social Phobia, Obsessive-Compulsive and Generalized Anxiety (p<0.05) compared to the control group.
Conclusion: Aerobic and anaerobic fitness could alleviate psychological disorders in children with tic syndrome. Parents of children with tic can be suggested to force their children to perform aerobic and anaerobic fitness to alleviate disorders.
Mental and Muscle Relaxation in Water Decreases Liver Enzymes and Inflammatory Markers in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
N. Forghani , M. Rahimian Boogar , H. Faramarzi
Aims: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease has increased over the past years. It occurs when liver cells begin to collect fat droplets. Liver enzymes are the best indicator for assessing liver status. The incidence of this disease in women is higher than in men, although opposite results have been reported. The effect of mental and muscle relaxation in water was investigated to evaluate changes in liver enzymes, inflammatory markers, and C-reactive protein of Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients.
Materials & Methods: This was a randomized clinical trial with a pretest-posttest and follow-up with the control group. Liver enzymes and inflammatory markers, including IL-6 and CRP, were measured before and after mental and muscle relaxation. The data was analyzed using an independent samples t-test, a paired t-test, and a two-way mixed ANOVA (repeated measures). Also, the correlation test was used to evaluate the correlation between age and FBS and liver enzymes.
Findings: There were significant reductions in measured indices (FBS, AST, ALT, ALP, IL-6, and CRP) within the treatment group in comparison with the control group (p<0.05). Also, there were significant differences in means of AST (p<0.001), ALT (p<0.002), ALP (p=0.021), IL-6 (p<0.001), and CRP (p=0.019) between the two groups after mental and muscle relaxation in water.
Conclusion: Mental and muscle relaxation in the water significantly improved and reduced the symptoms of NAFLD patients.
View Abstract
Materials & Methods: This was a randomized clinical trial with a pretest-posttest and follow-up with the control group. Liver enzymes and inflammatory markers, including IL-6 and CRP, were measured before and after mental and muscle relaxation. The data was analyzed using an independent samples t-test, a paired t-test, and a two-way mixed ANOVA (repeated measures). Also, the correlation test was used to evaluate the correlation between age and FBS and liver enzymes.
Findings: There were significant reductions in measured indices (FBS, AST, ALT, ALP, IL-6, and CRP) within the treatment group in comparison with the control group (p<0.05). Also, there were significant differences in means of AST (p<0.001), ALT (p<0.002), ALP (p=0.021), IL-6 (p<0.001), and CRP (p=0.019) between the two groups after mental and muscle relaxation in water.
Conclusion: Mental and muscle relaxation in the water significantly improved and reduced the symptoms of NAFLD patients.
Supplementation by Biochemical Parameters in Diabetic Patients; a Review Study
M. Milani Fard
Introdaction: Diabetes is one of the most important endocrine diseases and one of the problems of human societies today. In diabetes, due to the occurrence of insulin resistance, plasma insulin levels increase, and due to a disorder in glucose metabolism, it eventually leads to an increase in blood glucose levels. Plasma total cholesterol levels of LDL-C and VLDL-C increase and HDL-C decreases. Changes in lipid profile can be a contributing factor to cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients. In addition, higher triglyceride levels lead to the development of insulin resistance. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Familact supplementation, containing seven different probiotic strains, on biochemical parameters of lipid profile and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Conclusion: In lipid profile assay; Factors of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and TG are measured. In glycemic control, fasting blood sugar (FPG), blood insulin level, and insulin resistance will be measured.
View Abstract
Conclusion: In lipid profile assay; Factors of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and TG are measured. In glycemic control, fasting blood sugar (FPG), blood insulin level, and insulin resistance will be measured.
Effects of Curcumin on GLUT4, Erα and Insulin Resistance Genes Expression in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Rats
G. Dzigandzli , M. Askaripour , S. Rajabi , M.K. Shahmoradi
Aims: Polycystic ovary syndrome is one of the most common endocrine disorders in the women and animals. Some common hormonal therapies are used to treat the PCOS condition. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of curcumin on rats with PCOS by evaluation of the gene expression of the GLUT4 and Erα and insulin resistance.
Materials & Methods: Following induction of PCOS, sixty Sprague–Dawley female rats were divided into four groups including: (1) Control group (2) Control PCOS (3 & 4) those treated with 100 and 200 mg/kg of curcumin respectively. Body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin serum (FIS), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and gene expression of GLUT4 and Erα were evaluated.
Findings: Induction of PCOS increased body weight, FBG, FIS, HOMA-IR and decreased gene expression of GLUT4 and Erα (p<0.05), but oral administration of curcumin could alleviate adverse effects of PCOS on the mentioned parameters (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Curcumin alleviates adverse effects of polycystic ovary syndrome.
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Materials & Methods: Following induction of PCOS, sixty Sprague–Dawley female rats were divided into four groups including: (1) Control group (2) Control PCOS (3 & 4) those treated with 100 and 200 mg/kg of curcumin respectively. Body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin serum (FIS), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and gene expression of GLUT4 and Erα were evaluated.
Findings: Induction of PCOS increased body weight, FBG, FIS, HOMA-IR and decreased gene expression of GLUT4 and Erα (p<0.05), but oral administration of curcumin could alleviate adverse effects of PCOS on the mentioned parameters (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Curcumin alleviates adverse effects of polycystic ovary syndrome.
Modulation of 6-Gingerolin Antidepressant-like Effects in Mice Model
S. Sedighi , B. Nasiri, R. Alipoor , N. MoradiKor
Aims: It has been reported that ginger is involved in serotonergic system. It seems that ginger effect could be attributed to its active compound or gingerol. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of gingerol on antidepressant-like effects by investigation of serotonergic system in mice model.
Materials & Methods: In an experimental design, following pilot study and selection of doses, mice were divided into 4 groups. Receptor antagonists were injected, gingerol was administrated and a trial suspension test was conducted.
Findings: Gingerol could induce antidepressant-like effect (p<0.001), without induction of changes in spontaneous locomotor activity in the open-field test. Pretreatment of mice with pCPA (preventor of serotonin synthesis), WAY100135 (receptor antagonist), ketanserin (5HT2A receptor antagonist), and cyproheptadine (5HT2 receptor antagonist) prevented the antidepressant-like effect induced by the gingerol (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Gingerol is involved in antidepressant-like effects through serotonergic system in mice model.
View Abstract
Materials & Methods: In an experimental design, following pilot study and selection of doses, mice were divided into 4 groups. Receptor antagonists were injected, gingerol was administrated and a trial suspension test was conducted.
Findings: Gingerol could induce antidepressant-like effect (p<0.001), without induction of changes in spontaneous locomotor activity in the open-field test. Pretreatment of mice with pCPA (preventor of serotonin synthesis), WAY100135 (receptor antagonist), ketanserin (5HT2A receptor antagonist), and cyproheptadine (5HT2 receptor antagonist) prevented the antidepressant-like effect induced by the gingerol (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Gingerol is involved in antidepressant-like effects through serotonergic system in mice model.
Effect of Oral Menthol on Antioxidant Status of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome-Induced Wister Rats
B. Mesbahzadeh , M. Garmsiri, F. Jalalvand , L. Shojaie , M.A. Kakar
Aims: Polycystic ovarian syndrome has been related to dyslipidemia and suppression of antioxidant status. However, novel agents such as menthol can be an efficient strategy for alleviation of this syndrome. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of menthol on blood biochemical parameters and antioxidant status in polycystic ovarian syndrome-induced Wistar rats.
Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, 50 Wistar rats were used in 5 groups; healthy (negative control), polycystic ovarian syndrome that did not receive any menthol (positive control), and polycystic ovarian syndrome that received 2- (PCOS-2), 4- (PCOS-4) and 6mg/kg of body weight of menthol (PCOS-6). To induce the polycystic ovarian syndrome, 5mg of estradiol valerate was administrated. At the end of the trial session, blood samples were taken to evaluate plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C, ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP) and total oxidation status (TOS).
Findings: Induction of polycystic ovarian syndrome increased glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, FRAP, AOPP and TOS, and decrease HDL-C. The use of menthol especially in higher levels improved the mentioned parameters. Polycystic ovarian syndrome also increased body weight and oral treatment of menthol helped to maintain the body weight.
Conclusion: Menthol improves antioxidant status in rats with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Thus, use of menthol is recommended for treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome.
View Abstract
Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, 50 Wistar rats were used in 5 groups; healthy (negative control), polycystic ovarian syndrome that did not receive any menthol (positive control), and polycystic ovarian syndrome that received 2- (PCOS-2), 4- (PCOS-4) and 6mg/kg of body weight of menthol (PCOS-6). To induce the polycystic ovarian syndrome, 5mg of estradiol valerate was administrated. At the end of the trial session, blood samples were taken to evaluate plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C, ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP) and total oxidation status (TOS).
Findings: Induction of polycystic ovarian syndrome increased glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, FRAP, AOPP and TOS, and decrease HDL-C. The use of menthol especially in higher levels improved the mentioned parameters. Polycystic ovarian syndrome also increased body weight and oral treatment of menthol helped to maintain the body weight.
Conclusion: Menthol improves antioxidant status in rats with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Thus, use of menthol is recommended for treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome.
Medical Stability of Color Effects in Eyes
F. Mohammadkhani Orouji , Z. Saeid
Intoduction: The retina, like other parts of the body, gets tired when it is in opposite positions, and in the meantime, red light makes the eye more tired than green and blue. If we stare at a small colored spot for a while and then look at the white pages instead of the colored spot, we will see the complementary color of the colored spot. In this way, the eye that is tired of the green color will see the color of the magenta instead of green, and if the spot is red, the eye will see the cyan when changing. The view of two-colored areas adjacent to each other changes under different conditions, for example, yellow and red on a dark background are much more visible than on a light background. This phenomenon is reversed for green and blue.
Conclusion: A white spot appears on the yellow background as blue and if it is on the red background green and finally on the green background a pale pink. During the day, eye sensitivity to colors will vary depending on the food a person consumes. For example, eating carrots enhances vision in low light.
View Abstract
Conclusion: A white spot appears on the yellow background as blue and if it is on the red background green and finally on the green background a pale pink. During the day, eye sensitivity to colors will vary depending on the food a person consumes. For example, eating carrots enhances vision in low light.
The Theory of Planned Behavior Application for the Delivery Method Selection in Primiparous Pregnant Women
R. Hassanzadeh , H. Khaleghi , Z. Manzaritavakoli , A. Saeidinia , L. Namdar, Z. Askari, M. Bashi
Aims: The cesarean method is one of the most common surgical procedures among women in recent years. Lack of information and negative attitudes toward natural childbirth are the main reasons behind the increase in pregnant women’s tendency toward the cesarean section. This study investigated the effect of educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior on natural childbirth tendency among primiparous women.
Materials & Methods: This controlled interventional research with 140 primiparous women (n=70 women in each group) who attended the health centers in Sirjan City, Iran, in 2022, in their 18th to 30th month of pregnancy. A multi-stage sampling method was applied to select participants. The intervention was carried out based on the theory of planned behavior during four 45-60min sessions. A questionnaire was used for data collection before and after the intervention. The data was analyzed using the paired t-test, independent t-test, Fisher’s exact test, and Chi-square test in SPSS 22 software.
Findings: The intervention program had a positive effect on the mothers’ perceived behavioral control (p=0.046). The intervention could increase the number of people who did the natural delivery in the intervention group. There was no improvement in the individuals’ attitude (p=0.75), subjective norms (p=0.11) and behavior (p=0.23).
Conclusion: The theory of planned behavior can be effective in reducing elective cesarean section among women under the study.
View Abstract
Materials & Methods: This controlled interventional research with 140 primiparous women (n=70 women in each group) who attended the health centers in Sirjan City, Iran, in 2022, in their 18th to 30th month of pregnancy. A multi-stage sampling method was applied to select participants. The intervention was carried out based on the theory of planned behavior during four 45-60min sessions. A questionnaire was used for data collection before and after the intervention. The data was analyzed using the paired t-test, independent t-test, Fisher’s exact test, and Chi-square test in SPSS 22 software.
Findings: The intervention program had a positive effect on the mothers’ perceived behavioral control (p=0.046). The intervention could increase the number of people who did the natural delivery in the intervention group. There was no improvement in the individuals’ attitude (p=0.75), subjective norms (p=0.11) and behavior (p=0.23).
Conclusion: The theory of planned behavior can be effective in reducing elective cesarean section among women under the study.
Obesity and its Association with Childhood Diabetes; an Analytic Review
L. Saboktakin
Introduction: Incidence of diabetes in children, causes and risk factors for this complication, types of diabetes in children, the need to follow the recommendations, management and control of type 1 diabetes and nutritional tips to control diabetes in children, we will report. Type 1 diabetes is more common in children and type 2 diabetes is more likely to occur in adults, especially after the age of 40. Although type 1 diabetes accounts for only five to 10 percent of all cases of diabetes, it is the most common type of diabetes in children. In fact, 85% of the most recently diagnosed types of diabetes are in children and young people under 18 And for this reason, it is also called juvenile diabetes.
Conclusion: Obesity is a major cause of diabetes in children. In this study, based on the available scientific evidence, the relationship between obesity and diabetes in children and its mechanism and pathophysiology are accurately stated.
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Conclusion: Obesity is a major cause of diabetes in children. In this study, based on the available scientific evidence, the relationship between obesity and diabetes in children and its mechanism and pathophysiology are accurately stated.
Effectiveness of Metronidazole Ointment on the Pain of Hemorrhoidectomy Patients
F. Mahdavi , R. Azhough
Aims: Recently, the use of metronidazole in reducing pain after hemorrhoids has been considered and it has been shown that the oral form of this drug can significantly reduce pain after hemorrhoidectomy; However, other studies have not confirmed the effect of oral metronidazole in reducing pain. The use of oral form has limitations compared to the local form due to its general effects. Therefore, in this study, the benefits of using metronidazole topical form in pain control after hemorrhoidectomy were evaluated.
Instrument & Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in 2019 with the participation of 94 hemorrhoidectomy patients in Imam Reza Hospital (Tabriz Medical Sciences); For half of the participants, metronidazole topical ointment was administered three times daily and for the other group, placebo ointment was administered. Patients' pain intensity was measured using a VAS questionnaire and compared between the two groups.
Findings: Intensity in the first hours after surgery as well as the first two weeks after surgery (measured daily) in the group receiving topical metronidazole was significantly lower than in the placebo group; The dose of acetaminophen codeine in the placebo group up to day 14 was significantly higher than the group receiving metronidazole.
Conclusion: Topical metronidazole can reduce postoperative pain. In addition, the pain after defecation and the need for analgesia are significantly reduced. However, further studies are needed for the widespread use of this form of medicine in the clinic.
View Abstract
Instrument & Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in 2019 with the participation of 94 hemorrhoidectomy patients in Imam Reza Hospital (Tabriz Medical Sciences); For half of the participants, metronidazole topical ointment was administered three times daily and for the other group, placebo ointment was administered. Patients' pain intensity was measured using a VAS questionnaire and compared between the two groups.
Findings: Intensity in the first hours after surgery as well as the first two weeks after surgery (measured daily) in the group receiving topical metronidazole was significantly lower than in the placebo group; The dose of acetaminophen codeine in the placebo group up to day 14 was significantly higher than the group receiving metronidazole.
Conclusion: Topical metronidazole can reduce postoperative pain. In addition, the pain after defecation and the need for analgesia are significantly reduced. However, further studies are needed for the widespread use of this form of medicine in the clinic.
Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Lung Capacity of Active-, Previous-, and Non-Smoker Students
D. Hammoudi , A. Sanyaolu, D. Adofo , I. Antoine
Aims: Cigarette smoke predisposes a person to a lot of preventable diseases; this study aimed at comparing lung function in active, previous and non-smoking students.
Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 77 students from the St. James School of Medicine, Anguilla, campus in the Caribbean who were active-, previous- or non-smokers were randomly sampled. The Forced Vital Capacity to Forced Expiratory Volume ratio in one second called the Tiffeneau-Pinelli Index was used.
Findings: The mean FEV/FVC ratio for smokers was lower than that for non-smokers and ex-smokers in both tests. The FEV/FVC ratio by sex was higher in females for both tests. There were significant differences among the races with Caucasians having the lowest mean value of 86.04 and 85.88 for test 1 and 2, respectively. Higher ratio than 0.7 for smokers, ex-smokers and non-smokers was recorded for mean FEV/FVC ratio.
Conclusion: There are no differences in FEV/FVC ratio between smokers and non-smokers and ex-smokers.
View Abstract
Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 77 students from the St. James School of Medicine, Anguilla, campus in the Caribbean who were active-, previous- or non-smokers were randomly sampled. The Forced Vital Capacity to Forced Expiratory Volume ratio in one second called the Tiffeneau-Pinelli Index was used.
Findings: The mean FEV/FVC ratio for smokers was lower than that for non-smokers and ex-smokers in both tests. The FEV/FVC ratio by sex was higher in females for both tests. There were significant differences among the races with Caucasians having the lowest mean value of 86.04 and 85.88 for test 1 and 2, respectively. Higher ratio than 0.7 for smokers, ex-smokers and non-smokers was recorded for mean FEV/FVC ratio.
Conclusion: There are no differences in FEV/FVC ratio between smokers and non-smokers and ex-smokers.
Cancer; an Electrically Mediated Dysfunction in the Body
R.S. Chouhan
This article has no abstract.
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Effect of Carvacrol and Voluntary Exercise on Hippocampus Molecular Profile of High-Fat Dieted Male Rats
A. Baratashvili , E. Javakhishvili , E. Tarkhnishvili , I. Kvantidze
Aims: High-fat diet (HFD) is one risk factor in some disorders and increases oxidative stress. The use of carvacrol and voluntary exercise can be profitable. This study was thus conducted to evaluate the single and combined effects between carvacrol and voluntary exercise on gene expression in hippocampus of male rats fed with high-fat diet.
Materials & Methods: A total number of 60 adult Wistar male rats were divided into 5 groups: 1) Healthy control, 2) HFD group, 3) VE group that received HFD plus voluntary exercise, 4) Carvacrol group received HFD plus Carvacrol and 5) VE + Carvacrol group that received HFD plus Carvacrol and voluntary exercise. Gene expression of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (Trk-B), synapsin I and Cyclic AMP-Response Element Binding protein (CREB) were investigated.
Findings: HFD significantly decreased expression of BDNF, Trk-B, synapsin I and CREB, but inclusion of carvacrol and the use of voluntary exercise could significantly increased gene expression of BDNF, Trk-B, synapsin I and CREB (p<0.05). The best responses were observed in animals fed with carvacrol in along to voluntary exercise (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Carvacrol and voluntary exercise improve gene expression of BDNF, Trk-B, synapsin I and CREB in rats fed with HFD.
View Abstract
Materials & Methods: A total number of 60 adult Wistar male rats were divided into 5 groups: 1) Healthy control, 2) HFD group, 3) VE group that received HFD plus voluntary exercise, 4) Carvacrol group received HFD plus Carvacrol and 5) VE + Carvacrol group that received HFD plus Carvacrol and voluntary exercise. Gene expression of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (Trk-B), synapsin I and Cyclic AMP-Response Element Binding protein (CREB) were investigated.
Findings: HFD significantly decreased expression of BDNF, Trk-B, synapsin I and CREB, but inclusion of carvacrol and the use of voluntary exercise could significantly increased gene expression of BDNF, Trk-B, synapsin I and CREB (p<0.05). The best responses were observed in animals fed with carvacrol in along to voluntary exercise (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Carvacrol and voluntary exercise improve gene expression of BDNF, Trk-B, synapsin I and CREB in rats fed with HFD.
Clinical Features of Breast Cancer in Elderly Women
F. Mahdavi , R. Eghdam Zamiri
Aims: About one-third of breast cancer patients occur over 70 years old. Aging leads to the modification of a number of different drugs in the treatment of breast cancer, which provides the basis for incomplete treatment of these patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical features of breast cancer in elderly women.
Instrument & Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in 2020 by reviewing the clinical records of all women with breast cancer over the age of 70 over a ten-year period ending in 2020 with a clinical record of 183 patients. Demographic information, type of tumor pathology, clinical stage of the tumor, status of hormone receptors and tumor HER2 protein, type of surgery, type of adjuvant treatment was extracted from the files and used.
Findings: In 88 non-metastatic patients, there were 90 lymph nodes positive, of which 33 (37.5%) had no estrogen receptor and 55 (62.5%) had estrogen receptor. The most systemic treatment in patients with estrogen receptor-free tumor was chemotherapy (81.8%) and in patients with estrogen receptor tumor, chemotherapy plus hormone therapy (58.2%). there were 40 non-metastatic lymph node-negative patients, of which 9 (22.5%) had no estrogen receptor and 31 (77.5%) had estrogen receptor. The most systemic treatment received in patients without estrogen receptor was only chemotherapy (77.8%) and in patients with estrogen receptor tumor was only hormone therapy (54%).
Conclusion: The most common stage of the breast cancer in over 70 years old women is type IIB.
View Abstract
Instrument & Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in 2020 by reviewing the clinical records of all women with breast cancer over the age of 70 over a ten-year period ending in 2020 with a clinical record of 183 patients. Demographic information, type of tumor pathology, clinical stage of the tumor, status of hormone receptors and tumor HER2 protein, type of surgery, type of adjuvant treatment was extracted from the files and used.
Findings: In 88 non-metastatic patients, there were 90 lymph nodes positive, of which 33 (37.5%) had no estrogen receptor and 55 (62.5%) had estrogen receptor. The most systemic treatment in patients with estrogen receptor-free tumor was chemotherapy (81.8%) and in patients with estrogen receptor tumor, chemotherapy plus hormone therapy (58.2%). there were 40 non-metastatic lymph node-negative patients, of which 9 (22.5%) had no estrogen receptor and 31 (77.5%) had estrogen receptor. The most systemic treatment received in patients without estrogen receptor was only chemotherapy (77.8%) and in patients with estrogen receptor tumor was only hormone therapy (54%).
Conclusion: The most common stage of the breast cancer in over 70 years old women is type IIB.
Indexing and Abstracting
